The Spirit of Mahayana Buddhism                      

Ven. Master Hsing Yun

There are two main branches of Buddhism, namely, Mahayana and Theravada. Some may ask, “What is the difference between Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism?” Simply put, Theravada Buddhism focuses on self-liberation, while Mahayana Buddhism the liberation of others. “Yana” is a Sanskrit term for vehicle. Hinayana is a derogatory term used by some Mahayanists meaning lesser vehicle. Mahayana means great vehicle, which can hold many individuals. There are six basic principles in Mahayana Buddhism:

  1. Deliver others by giving. To deliver others, we have to first practice generosity. Generosity can help others by bringing them happiness and convenience.

   2. Control our desires by observing the precepts. Our desires are endless and boundless. Therefore it is very important for us to control them through the observance of precepts. Upholding precepts can help us refrain from inappropriate, unwholesome, and unbecoming behavior.

   3. Cultivate patience and tolerance. One of the highest forms of cultivation is tolerance, especially in face of hostility. The Buddha always teaches us to be tolerant. In fact, the merits of tolerance surpass that of giving to others and observing the precepts. There is a Chinese proverb that aptly describes the power of tolerance, “Even a little tolerance can quiet the wind and calm the sea.” The merit gained from being tolerant is great and can divert misfortune and calamity.

   4. Overcome temptations through right effort. We face temptations of fame and fortune in the world, and in our minds there are hindrances of greed, hatred, worries, emotions, and cravings. If we are to overcome these temptations, we have to develop right spirit, courage, and endurance. Cultivation is not unlike going into battle. We have to arm ourselves with courage and perseverance to fend off these temptations.

   5. Anchor ourselves in meditative concentration. If we abide in wealth, we will be troubled when our money is lost. If we dwell in love, we will worry when there is uncertainty in our relationships. If we settle ourselves in friends, afflictions can arise when our friends leave us. Thus, it is best for us to anchor ourselves in meditative concentration so as not to be swayed or feel threatened by external circumstances. We will be able to confront the changing world with unchanging fortitude.
      6. Transform evil through prajna wisdom. We have to use prajna wisdom to transform the evil deeds, causes, and conditions of this world. Only then can we deliver ourselves as well as others.

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